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Alexander Rudolph is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University. Alex’s research explores state grand strategy, conflict, and competition in cyberspace.
Aug 26, 2026
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3 min read
Reverse engineering confirms that when a Windows device logs in with a Microsoft Account, a server assigns a permanent GDID that is stored locally, used by various Windows background services, and included in all reports the operating system sends to Microsoft.